Although research on cancer risks associated with vaping is still limited, a 2025 systematic review found substantial evidence that e cigarette exposure is associated with biomarkers reflective of cancer disease risk. This includes Australian researchers have issued one of the strongest warnings yet about vaping, saying a major review of evidence suggests e cigarettes are likely to cause lung and oral cancer. The review found signs E cigarettes induce toxicological effects that can raise the cancer risk Scientific Reports Current thinking about the effects of e cigarettes on oral cancer risk BDJ Team E Cigarettes and Breast Cancer: Is Vaping Really Safer?